What is Code Churn and Why Should You Measure It in Software Development?

Gist of the Blog: You’re going to learn all about code churn - an invaluable metric to consider while building software. Read on to discover what it is, why it matters, how it impacts the development process, and strategies to manage it for a successful final product.

In software development, code is dynamic rather than static.

Developers cannot write any code in stone. Most of the time, they have to rewrite based on feedback, new insights, or shifting project requirements.

This fluidity is both a blessing and a challenge, often referred to as “code churn” - one of the crucial software development metrics.

This term indicates the number of code changes and the number of check-ins in source code throughout development.

You might think that more changes mean more bugs, and sometimes that's true. Latest research shows that high code churn can hint at a lot of defects found during testing. But that doesn’t mean it’s always bad.

In fact, low churn can also be a problem. If the code isn’t changing much, it could mean the project is stuck, or there’s no improvement.

This is why it's important to understand the intricacies and contextual factors of this code quality metric. And we’ve crafted this blog to help you with that.

We’ll understand the basics of code churn, what it means for developers, its benefits and impact on projects, and strategies to manage it effectively.

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What Does Code Churn Mean?

Code churn in software development refers to the frequency and extent of changes made to the source code over time. It measures how often developers add new lines of code (LOC), modify the existing ones, or delete outdated code.

For example, if you’ve written 100 LOC in the last 14 days and you changed or deleted 40 of them, you have a code churn rate of 40%.

There can be multiple reasons for this:

• Bug Fixes: To find and fix errors in the code.
• New Features: To add new capabilities or functionalities to the software.
• Scope Creep: To upgrade the code to make it run faster or improve performance.
• Refactoring: To rewrite the code to make it cleaner and more maintainable.

It's good practice to monitor and understand code churn patterns as it helps development teams maintain code quality, make informed decisions, and optimize their processes.

How to Calculate the Code Churn Rate?

There's a very simple formula for code churn calculation.

Let's say at the beginning of the month, a software project has 10,000 lines of code.

During the month, developers have:

• Added 2,000 lines of code.
• Modified 500 lines of code.
• Deleted 300 lines of code.

Now, to calculate the code churn rate:

1. Calculate the total lines of code changed.
   Total lines changed = 2,000 (added) + 500 (modified) + 300 (deleted)
   = 2,800 lines
2. Calculate the code churn rate.
   (Total lines changed / Initial lines of code) * 100
   = (2,800 / 10,000) * 100
   = 28%

What is the Ideal Code Churn Rate?

There's no ideal code churn rate. It depends on a plethora of factors (we’ll touch on that soon). For example, team experience, project scope, tech stack, feedback loop, etc.

Usually, high code churn rates can indicate iterative development and active responsiveness. However, it might also hint at underlying issues like unclear requirements or inadequate planning.

Similarly, low churn rates may suggest stability and consistency throughout the project, but sometimes, it could also imply inflexibility or resistance to change.

It’s normal for the churn rate to be high during the early phases of the development life cycle. That's because developers are still figuring out what works best and adding new features.

As the project progresses, the rate should decrease. This suggests that the software is becoming more stable, and developers need fewer major changes.

Productive vs Unproductive Code Churn and Their Causes

The good and bad of code churn – it can be both a positive and a negative sign.

1. Productive Code Churn

It’s all the changes in the code that lead to improvements in the software without introducing new issues. They are, in fact, necessary for a successful final product.

Causes of Productive Code Churn

• Adding new features requested by users or stakeholders.
• Modifying the code to fix bugs discovered during testing or reported by users.
• Code restructuring to improve readability or scalability.
• Tweaking the code or restructuring code segments for optimization.
• Evolving requirements or shifts in market conditions.

2. Unproductive Code Churn

Unproductive code churn, on the other hand, denotes changes that do not significantly improve the software. They might even introduce new issues without any clear benefits.

Causes of Unproductive Code Churn

• Making unnecessary changes or overly complex projects.
• Unclear or constantly changing requirements that differ from initial goals.
• Inadequate initial design or rushed implementation.
• Continuously expanding the project's scope without proper prioritization.
• Accumulating technical debt for ignoring or postponing necessary changes.

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Benefits of Measuring Code Churn Rate

As one of the critical software engineering metrics, tracking and managing code churn can be helpful in a lot of ways for development teams.

Spotting Issues Early

High code churn can mean some parts of the code might be causing problems, like bugs or issues with how the software works. This notified developers to recheck the issue before it becomes irreversible down the line.

Improving Code Quality

When developers see which parts of the code are changing a lot, they can work on making those parts better. As a result, the code will be clearer, faster, or easier to work with.

Knowing What to Expect

Measuring churn helps managers and developers predict how stable the software is. It's a crucial aspect of the planning stage to decide when features will be ready and how long it might take to finish the project.

Dealing with Technical Debt

If certain parts of the code are changing a lot, it could mean there are shortcuts or temporary fixes that you need to fix properly. Measuring churn helps teams prioritize cleaning up these areas to avoid problems later.

Using Time Wisely

Code churn points out where changes are happening most frequently. With this knowledge, teams can use their time more efficiently. They might plan to invest in more testing in those areas or come up with better techniques to avoid making unnecessary changes.

Getting Better Over Time

By keeping an eye on churn rates over different projects, teams can learn what works best, improve their processes, and make smarter decisions about how to refine software in the next stages.

Important Metrics to Measure Software Code Churn

The code churn metric consists of a number of individual metrics that help developers analyze different types of changes in the codebase.

Let's break them down:

Best Practices to Measure Code Churn in a Software Project

Measuring code churn is essential for understanding the dynamics of your software development process. In order to do that, you have to follow a structured approach to gain valuable insights into development activity, identify potential issues early, and ensure the stability of your software.

Here's how you can do it:

1. Set Up a Version Control System

Use a version control system (VCS) like Git for keeping track of all changes made to the code. Every change works as a commit and it makes it easy to see what the team has added, deleted, or modified.

2. Track Commits

Every time a developer makes changes and saves them (commits) to the VCS, it logs the changes. This log includes the number of lines added, deleted, and modified in each commit.

3. Use Churn Measurement Tools

Tools like GitStats, StatSVN, or built-in features of platforms like GitHub can automatically analyze the commit logs. These tools generate reports showing how much code is changing over time.

4. Calculate Churn Rate

To get the churn rate, add the lines of code added and deleted, then divide by the total lines of code. This gives a percentage showing the change rate of the codebase.

5. Monitor Commit Frequency

Check how often developers make commits. Frequent commits indicate active development and can help in tracking how regularly the team is implementing changes.

6. Review Historical Data

Look at the trends over time. High churn rates, in the beginning, might be normal, but consistently high churn could flag off issues. By reviewing historical data, developers can identify patterns and make informed decisions.

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Tools Developers Can Use to Analyze and Measure Code Churn

Manually keeping track of code changes can be a next-to-impossible task. Fortunately, we don’t have to do that. There’s a handful of tools available to help developers understand and manage code churn.

Take a look at our top four picks:

How to Maintain a Decent Code Churn Rate

While it's useful to track code churn metrics, it's also important not to spend too much time behind it. By keeping it under control, we can manage changes effectively, reduce disruptions, and ensure that the software stays in good shape.

Here, we'll look at ways to handle code churn so that we can use this information wisely without unnecessary stress:

1. Conduct collaborative design sessions at the project’s outset

In this, developers and stakeholders define project goals and features. This minimizes the likelihood of major changes later in development.

2. Use prototypes early in the development phase

It’s used to validate ideas. By visualizing the end product and gathering feedback upfront, you can mitigate the need for extensive code revisions down the line.

3. Adopt an incremental approach

Release small, iterative updates so that you can encourage continuous user and stakeholder feedback and reduce the risk of large-scale rework.

4. Soliciting input from end-users, testers, and stakeholders

It happens through regular feedback loops, resulting in timely issue resolution that, in turn, mitigates the need for extensive code changes.

5. Foster a sense of ownership among developers

It happens by assigning clear responsibilities for specific modules or features. Developers who feel accountable for their code are more likely to maintain it effectively.

6. Maintain up-to-date and thorough documentation for code, APIs, and system architecture

Clear documentation leads to easier code comprehension and modification. Neat organization is an excellent way to control overwork.

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It’s Your Turn to Explore Code ChurnThe insights from software quality metrics significantly impact the overall effectiveness of the final system. And your code churn rate will tell that tale over time.Code churn is more than just a number: it gives you a reality check about how things are going and whether you should take necessary action when you still have time.Ultimately, the goal of every developer is to build a quality software product that meets the highest technical and user standards. And for that to happen, monitoring and managing benchmarks like the one we talked about all along is vital.If you want to know more about efficient software development services and how you can leverage quality metrics like code churn, hit us up!